Introduction to Dictionary Creation • lingmatch

Walks through the process of creating and assessing a dictionary.

Built with R 4.4.1

See the dictionary builder for a way to make dictionaries interactively.

Background

Dictionaries in this context are sets of term lists that each represent a category. Categories could range from concepts or topics (e.g., “furniture” or “shopping”) to more abstract aspects of a text (e.g., “emotionality”). Terms may be single literal words (e.g., “term”, “terms”), glob-like or fuzzy words (e.g., “term*“, where the asterisk matches any number of additional letters), or arbitrary patterns (literal or regular expressions, e.g.,”a phrase” or “an? (?:person|object)”).

The most straightforward way to make a dictionary is to manually assign terms to categories, but dictionaries can also be created with data, either by extracting cluster-like structures and assigning them category names (using unsupervised learning methods; see the introduction to word vectors article), or by training a classifier to distinguish between provided tags (using supervised learning methods; see the introduction to text classification article).

Implementation

In lingmatch, dictionaries are ultimately implemented as either lists or data.frames.

As lists, categories are named entries with terms as character vectors:

(dict_unweighted <- list(
  a = c("aa", "ab", "ac"),
  b = c("ba", "bb", "bc")
))
#> $a
#> [1] "aa" "ab" "ac"
#> 
#> $b
#> [1] "ba" "bb" "bc"

As data.frames, terms are stored in a single column, and categories are defined by columns containing weights:

(dict_dataframe <- data.frame(
  term = c("aa", "ab", "ac", "ba", "bb", "bc"),
  a = c(1, .9, .8, 0, 0, 0),
  b = c(0, 0, 0, .9, 1, .8)
))
#>   term   a   b
#> 1   aa 1.0 0.0
#> 2   ab 0.9 0.0
#> 3   ac 0.8 0.0
#> 4   ba 0.0 0.9
#> 5   bb 0.0 1.0
#> 6   bc 0.0 0.8

Lists can also store weights in named numeric vectors:

(dict_list <- list(
  a = c("aa" = 1, "ab" = .9, "ac" = .8),
  b = c("ba" = .9, "bb" = 1, "bc" = .8)
))
#> $a
#>  aa  ab  ac 
#> 1.0 0.9 0.8 
#> 
#> $b
#>  ba  bb  bc 
#> 0.9 1.0 0.8

Weighted dictionaries can be discretized using the read.dic function:

read.dic(dict_dataframe, as.weighted = FALSE)
#> $a
#> [1] "aa" "ab" "ac"
#> 
#> $b
#> [1] "ba" "bb" "bc"

And un-weighted dictionaries can be converted to a weighted format with binary weights:

read.dic(dict_unweighted, as.weighted = TRUE)
#>   term a b
#> 1   aa 1 0
#> 2   ab 1 0
#> 3   ac 1 0
#> 4   ba 0 1
#> 5   bb 0 1
#> 6   bc 0 1

Dictionaries can also be read in from LIWC’s .dic format:

# this can also be written to and read from a file
raw_dic <- write.dic(dict_unweighted, save = FALSE)
cat(raw_dic)
#> %
#> 1    a
#> 2    b
#> %
#> aa   1
#> ab   1
#> ac   1
#> ba   2
#> bb   2
#> bc   2

read.dic(raw = raw_dic)
#> $a
#> [1] "aa" "ab" "ac"
#> 
#> $b
#> [1] "ba" "bb" "bc"

For use in web applications, JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) may be a useful format, which can be converted to from lists:

cat(jsonlite::toJSON(dict_unweighted, pretty = TRUE))
#> {
#>   "a": ["aa", "ab", "ac"],
#>   "b": ["ba", "bb", "bc"]
#> }

.dic or JSON dictionaries can be used in the adicat highlighter (from the menu: Dictionary > load/create/edit > load), which can be used to see word matches, or process files.

Any format can also be read into the dictionary builder (from the left-side menu: New > File), which can be used to assess and edit the dictionary.

Assessment

Dictionary categories can be thought of as measures of the construct identified by the category’s name. Constructs can range from being well defined by the text itself, to being more subtly embedded in the text.

Some question we might ask when assessing a dictionary category are:

How well will each term capture the word or words we have in mind?
- That is, are there unaccounted for target word variants, or unintended wildcard matches?
How well does this set of terms cover the possible instances of the construct?
- That is, might the construct appear in a way that isn’t covered?
How confident would we be that the resulting score reflects the construct?
- That is, how much room is there for false positives due to varying contexts or word senses?

For instance, consider this small dictionary:

dict <- list(
  a_words = "a*",
  self_reference = c("i", "i'*", "me", "my", "mine", "myself"),
  furniture = c("table", "chair", "desk*", "couch*", "sofa*"),
  well_adjusted = c("happy", "bright*", "friend*", "she", "he", "they")
)

Character Variants

The a_words category is only defined by characters, so it is perfect in that its scores can be expected to perfectly align with any other reliable means of scoring (such as a human counter). The only threat to this category (assuming texts are lowercased) is special characters that should count as as but aren’t initially. This can be avoided by converting special characters as part of pre-processing:

clean <- lma_dict("special", as.function = gsub)
lma_process(clean("Àn apple and à potato ærosol."), dict = dict[1], meta = FALSE)
#>                             text a_words
#> 1 an apple and a potato aerosol.       5

Use Variants

The self_reference category is made up of words, so in addition to possible character variants, there are spelling/formatting variants to try and account for. Here “i’*” is particularly vulnerable since the apostrophe may be curly or omitted. A new danger introduced in this category is of false positives due to alternative uses of “i” (e.g., as a list item label) and alternate senses of “mine”. These issues make for possible differences between the automatic score, and that theoretically calculated by a human:

lma_process(
  c("I) A mine.", "Mmeee! idk how but imma try!"),
  dict = dict[2], meta = FALSE
)
#>                           text self_reference
#> 1                   I) A mine.              2
#> 2 Mmeee! idk how but imma try!              0

Coverage

The furniture and well_adjusted categories introduce two main additional considerations:

Term Variants

First, they uses broader wildcards, which are probably intended to simply catch plural forms, but are in danger of over-extending. We can use the report_term_matches function to check this:

report <- report_term_matches(dict[3:4], space_dir = "~/Latent Semantic Spaces")
#> preparing dict (0)
#> extracting matches (0)
#> preparing results (0.17)
#> done (0.17)


knitr::kable(report[, c("term", "categories", "variants", "matches")])

term	categories	variants	matches
bright*	well_adjusted	63	bright, brights, brighter, brighton, brighten, brightly, brightway, brightley, brightest, brightens, brightful, brighttag, brightman, brighting, brightener, brightling, brightstar, brightwell, brighteyes, brightwork, brightbill, brightmail, brightside, brightened, brightness, brightwood, brightline, bright-red, brightmoor, brightview, brightroll, brightcove, brightkite, brightspot, bright-eyed, brightfield, brightpoint, brightwater, brightwells, brightening, brighthouse, brightscope, brighteners, brightsolid, brightlight, bright-blue, brightblack, brightspark, brightstone, brightworks, bright-field, brightnesses, bright-green, brightwaters, brightsource, brightly-lit, brightonians, bright-yellow, bright-orange, brightlingsea, bright-colored, brightly-colored, brightly-coloured
friend*	well_adjusted	38	friend, friende, friends, friendz, friendy, friendo, frienda, friended, friendly, friendlly, friendlys, friending, friendless, friendlier, friendship, friendster, friendfeed, friendlily, friendlies, friendzone, friendlist, friendcode, friendships, friendliest, friendzoned, friend-zone, friendswood, friendstream, friendlyness, friendliness, friendsville, friendraising, friendly-fire, friendsgiving, friends/family, friendlessness, friendsreunited, friend-of-the-court
desk*	furniture	23	desk, deska, desko, desks, deskew, deskop, desker, deskset, deskman, desking, deskpro, desktop, deskjet, deskins, desk-top, desktops, deskside, deskstar, deskilled, deskbound, desk-bound, deskilling, desktop-publishing
couch*	furniture	18	couch, couche, couches, coucher, couched, couchdb, couchie, couchois, couchers, couchman, couchant, couching, couchette, couchiching, couchpotato, couch-potato, couchsurfers, couchsurfing
sofa*	furniture	9	sofa, sofas, sofar, sofast, sofaer, sofala, sofabed, sofamor, sofa-bed
table	furniture	1	table
chair	furniture	1	chair
happy	well_adjusted	1	happy
she	well_adjusted	1	she
he	well_adjusted	1	he
they	well_adjusted	1	they

By default, this searches for matches in a large set of common words found across latent semantic spaces (embeddings), but it can also be run on sets of text to see matches within narrower contexts.

Category Coverage

Term Coverage

The second consideration is that these categories are trying to cover broad concepts, so there are likely to be obvious but overlooked terms to include. One thing we could do to improve this sort of coverage is search for similar words within a latent semantic space:

meta <- dictionary_meta(
  dict[3:4],
  suggest = TRUE, space_dir = "~/Latent Semantic Spaces"
)
#> preparing terms (0)
#> expanding terms (0.67)
#> loading space (0.86)
#> calculating term similarities (28.59)
#> identifying potential additions (45.97)
#> preparing results (49.99)
#> done (50.27)

meta$suggested
#> $furniture
#>    armchairs     loveseat    banquette      armless      settees        futon 
#>   0.06596930   0.06543237   0.06192136   0.05951132   0.05949731   0.05830094 
#>  upholstered  workstation       settee workstations       chaise      chaises 
#>   0.05736860   0.05715411   0.05680740   0.05619739   0.05503267   0.05437331 
#>     credenza        aeron       seater     l-shaped     recliner 
#>   0.05337485   0.05263192   0.05249444   0.05214024   0.05159841 
#> 
#> $well_adjusted
#>       hope      smile     smiles       glow       glad       love   cheerful 
#> 0.08939145 0.08316053 0.07897790 0.07818952 0.07723263 0.07644744 0.07598900 
#>       eyes      shine    excited        way       wish    shining     coming 
#> 0.07564743 0.07539943 0.07490184 0.07400350 0.07336494 0.07310913 0.07289791 
#>     loving       know      bring       life     shines   thankful     joyful 
#> 0.07264139 0.07229958 0.07142593 0.07138101 0.07119462 0.07097478 0.07094606 
#>   facebook    welcome      loved        say       tell       face       sure 
#> 0.07082714 0.07073722 0.07052697 0.07044166 0.07035872 0.07019802 0.07003938 
#>     hoping   sunshine      young       grow       come     better        fun 
#> 0.06978870 0.06950521 0.06944686 0.06924857 0.06920617 0.06916552 0.06908122 
#>      shone        let        sad       turn     seeing     summer        eye 
#> 0.06876386 0.06872918 0.06857477 0.06855629 0.06853710 0.06853068 0.06850545 
#>       meet        'll    vibrant     helped      thank      light     wishes 
#> 0.06840545 0.06829185 0.06823692 0.06808839 0.06788728 0.06777502 0.06771657

We can also use the space to assess category cohesiveness by looking at summaries of pairwise cosine similarities between terms:

knitr::kable(meta$summary[, -1], digits = 3)

	n_terms	n_expanded	sim.space	sim.min	sim.q1	sim.median	sim.mean	sim.q3	sim.max
furniture	5	34	glove_crawl	-0.034	0.015	0.035	0.052	0.085	0.152
well_adjusted	6	47	glove_crawl	-0.014	0.017	0.077	0.081	0.137	0.183

Or look at those similarities within categories and expanded terms:

knitr::kable(
  meta$terms[meta$terms$category == "furniture", ],
  digits = 3, row.names = FALSE
)

category	term	match	sim.term	sim.category
furniture	table	table	1.000	0.520
furniture	chair	chair	1.000	0.644
furniture	desk*	desk-top	0.218	0.020
furniture	desk*	desk	1.000	0.543
furniture	desk*	desking	0.229	0.215
furniture	desk*	deskpro	0.067	-0.030
furniture	desk*	deskilled	-0.050	-0.139
furniture	desk*	desktop	0.481	0.197
furniture	desk*	desktops	0.266	0.120
furniture	desk*	desks	0.706	0.488
furniture	desk*	deskjet	0.067	0.014
furniture	desk*	deskbound	-0.033	0.040
furniture	desk*	deskins	-0.074	-0.093
furniture	desk*	deskilling	-0.111	-0.127
furniture	desk*	desker	-0.088	-0.101
furniture	desk*	deskside	0.102	-0.018
furniture	desk*	deskstar	0.032	-0.078
furniture	couch*	couchdb	0.089	0.048
furniture	couch*	couchant	0.040	0.002
furniture	couch*	couchsurfing	0.116	0.046
furniture	couch*	couche	0.059	0.043
furniture	couch*	couchette	0.156	0.139
furniture	couch*	couchman	0.004	0.021
furniture	couch*	couching	0.098	0.026
furniture	couch*	couched	0.009	-0.023
furniture	couch*	coucher	0.054	0.136
furniture	couch*	couches	0.615	0.643
furniture	couch*	couch	1.000	0.778
furniture	sofa*	sofaer	-0.175	-0.175
furniture	sofa*	sofabed	0.493	0.493
furniture	sofa*	sofala	-0.017	-0.017
furniture	sofa*	sofas	0.738	0.738
furniture	sofa*	sofar	-0.095	-0.095
furniture	sofa*	sofa	1.000	1.000

And we can visualize this together with the most similar suggested terms as a network:

library(visNetwork)

display_network <- function(meta, cat = 1, n = 10, min = .1, seed = 2080) {
  cat_name <- meta$summary$category[[cat]]
  top_suggested <- meta$suggested[[cat_name]][seq_len(n)]
  terms <- meta$expanded[[cat_name]]
  nodes <- data.frame(
    id = c(terms, names(top_suggested)),
    label = c(terms, names(top_suggested)),
    group = rep(
      c("original", "suggested"),
      c(length(terms), length(top_suggested))
    ),
    shape = "box"
  )
  suggested_sim <- lma_simets(lma_lspace(
    nodes$id,
    space = meta$summary$sim.space[[1]]
  ), metric = "cosine")
  nodes$size <- rowMeans(suggested_sim)
  edges <- data.frame(
    from = rep(colnames(suggested_sim), each = nrow(suggested_sim)),
    to = rep(rownames(suggested_sim), nrow(suggested_sim)),
    value = as.numeric(suggested_sim),
    title = as.numeric(suggested_sim)
  )

  visNetwork(
    nodes, within(
      edges[edges$value > min & edges$value < 1, ], value <- (value * 10)^4
    )
  ) |>
    visEdges("title", smooth = FALSE, color = list(opacity = .6)) |>
    visLegend(width = .07) |>
    visLayout(randomSeed = seed) |>
    visPhysics("barnesHut", timestep = .1) |>
    visInteraction(
      dragNodes = TRUE, dragView = TRUE, hover = TRUE, hoverConnectedEdges = TRUE,
      selectable = TRUE, tooltipDelay = 100, tooltipStay = 100
    )
}

display_network(meta)

Or we could look at terms across categories within a dimensionally-reduced version of the space:

library(plotly)

display_reduced_space <- function(
    meta, space_name = "glove_crawl", method = "umap", dim_prop = 1,
    color_seeds = c("#25cb1a", "#c8fd9e", "#1b85ed", "#91b8fb")) {
  suggestions <- unlist(unname(meta$suggested))
  terms <- rbind(meta$terms[, c("category", "match", "sim.category")], data.frame(
    category = rep(
      paste0(names(meta$suggested), "_suggested"), vapply(meta$suggested, length, 0)
    ),
    match = names(suggestions),
    sim.category = suggestions
  ))
  space <- lma_lspace(terms$match, space_name)
  space <- space[, Reduce(unique, lapply(meta$expanded, function(l) {
    order(-colMeans(space[l, ]))[seq_len(min(ncol(space), ncol(space) * dim_prop))]
  }))]
  st <- proc.time()[[3]]
  m <- as.data.frame(if (method == "umap") {
    uwot::umap(space, 15, 3, metric = "cosine")
  } else if (method == "taffy") {
    m <- lusilab::taffyInf(lma_simets(space, metric = "cosine"), 3)
    colnames(m) <- c("V1", "V2", "V3")
    m
  } else if (method == "kmeans") {
    m <- t(kmeans(lma_simets(space, metric = "cosine"), 3)$centers)
    colnames(m) <- c("V1", "V2", "V3")
    m
  } else if (method == "svd") {
    m <- svd(lma_simets(space, metric = "cosine"), 3)$u
    rownames(m) <- rownames(space)
    m
  } else {
    m <- prcomp(lma_simets(space, metric = "cosine"))$rotation[, 1:3]
    dimnames(m) <- list(rownames(space), paste0("V", 1:3))
    m
  })
  message(
    "reduced space via ", method, " method in ",
    round(proc.time()[[3]] - st, 4), " seconds"
  )
  d <- cbind(terms, m)
  d$color <- color_seeds[as.numeric(as.factor(d$category))]
  ds <- split(d, d$category)
  p <- plot_ly(
    do.call(rbind, ds),
    x = ~V1, y = ~V2, z = ~V3, textfont = list(size = 9)
  ) |>
    layout(
      showlegend = TRUE, paper_bgcolor = "#000000", font = list(color = "#ffffff"),
      margin = list(r = 0, b = 0, l = 0)
    )
  for (cat in names(ds)) {
    p <- p |> add_text(
      data = ds[[cat]], text = ~match, name = cat, textfont = list(color = ~color)
    )
  }
  p
}

display_reduced_space(meta)
#> reduced space via umap method in 1.34 seconds

Here it seems the suggested terms strengthen cores of related terms within categories, leaving unrelated terms to group together between categories.

Instead of looking at pairwise comparisons, it might also make sense to compare with category centroids:

meta_centroid <- dictionary_meta(
  dict[3:4],
  pairwise = FALSE, suggest = TRUE, space_dir = "~/Latent Semantic Spaces"
)
#> preparing terms (0)
#> expanding terms (0.31)
#> loading space (0.5)
#> calculating term similarities (23.03)
#> identifying potential additions (31.05)
#> preparing results (34.11)
#> done (34.44)


meta_centroid$suggested
#> $furniture
#>    armchairs     loveseat        futon      armless  upholstered  workstation 
#>    0.2517359    0.2474119    0.2238488    0.2218516    0.2198026    0.2195312 
#>    banquette      settees workstations       settee       chaise     recliner 
#>    0.2191410    0.2169368    0.2152506    0.2146026    0.2130485    0.2039399 
#>     credenza       seater      chaises 
#>    0.2013844    0.1996919    0.1978596 
#> 
#> $well_adjusted
#>        hope       smile        glad        glow      smiles    thankful 
#>   0.2833616   0.2475967   0.2413412   0.2372855   0.2366536   0.2291406 
#>     excited      wishes        love    cheerful        eyes       shine 
#>   0.2249745   0.2237435   0.2235930   0.2231660   0.2230449   0.2219152 
#>      joyful     shining      loving      shines        wish       hopes 
#>   0.2190795   0.2177220   0.2168939   0.2162090   0.2156694   0.2155521 
#>      coming    youthful         way       shone    facebook        know 
#>   0.2136403   0.2131742   0.2128437   0.2127467   0.2123793   0.2121608 
#>         sad      hoping      joyous       loved    sparkles         say 
#>   0.2120186   0.2105333   0.2101588   0.2101528   0.2099162   0.2094993 
#>     promise   celebrate    grateful        life       merry      honest 
#>   0.2093688   0.2090422   0.2085683   0.2080989   0.2078806   0.2078371 
#>     blessed        tell      seeing      hearts    positive    feelings 
#>   0.2074664   0.2070684   0.2059093   0.2049330   0.2045796   0.2038124 
#>        face       young    befriend    sunshine         eye       alive 
#>   0.2037544   0.2035204   0.2030985   0.2027419   0.2024249   0.2022952 
#>        grow      helped      caring     glowing     vibrant       proud 
#>   0.2022153   0.2022134   0.2020372   0.2019306   0.2018866   0.2013347 
#>   surprised        knew       thank       cheer        sure        miss 
#>   0.2009025   0.2007124   0.2006891   0.2002314   0.2001261   0.1999670 
#>   attracted      better       bring        past     younger    thrilled 
#>   0.1996485   0.1994686   0.1987255   0.1984401   0.1982115   0.1981868 
#>       earth     welcome      summer       faces      afraid        true 
#>   0.1981317   0.1980738   0.1976383   0.1976157   0.1973665   0.1970078 
#>       sweet         fun        grew  complexion     sincere        fair 
#>   0.1968552   0.1968065   0.1967096   0.1966697   0.1966093   0.1962342 
#>        turn    remember   fortunate      thanks         let     believe 
#>   0.1961961   0.1961387   0.1960371   0.1958364   0.1957286   0.1957258 
#>  optimistic      chance   greetings  remembered        hear encouraging 
#>   0.1957108   0.1953343   0.1948726   0.1943526   0.1942415   0.1939956 
#>        dear  enthusiasm       glows     helping     happier       light 
#>   0.1939174   0.1938838   0.1935520   0.1935429   0.1934165   0.1932916 
#>         sky 
#>   0.1931875

knitr::kable(meta_centroid$summary[, -1], digits = 3)

	n_terms	n_expanded	sim.space	sim.min	sim.q1	sim.median	sim.mean	sim.q3	sim.max
furniture	5	34	glove_crawl	-0.093	0.018	0.096	0.146	0.19	0.675
well_adjusted	6	47	glove_crawl	-0.170	0.018	0.191	0.199	0.36	0.651

The previous examples looked at terms within a single space, but we can also aggregate across multiple spaces, which might result in more reliable comparisons:

# by default, suggestions are sensitive to categories
# (trying to maximize difference between categories),
# but in this case, it seems to make suggestions worse
# so we set `suggest_discriminate` to `FALSE`
meta_multi <- dictionary_meta(
  dict[3:4], "multi",
  suggest_discriminate = FALSE, suggest = TRUE,
  space_dir = "~/Latent Semantic Spaces"
)
#> preparing terms (0)
#> expanding terms (0.61)
#> loading spaces (0.91)
#> calculating term similarities (110)
#> identifying potential additions (273.56)
#> preparing results (276.55)
#> done (276.81)


meta_multi$suggested
#> $furniture
#>      banquette        dinette        cubical       snoozing        hassock 
#>      0.3926174      0.3755285      0.3742140      0.3742027      0.3725989 
#>    living-room airconditioned      curtained      open-plan   cross-legged 
#>      0.3721557      0.3671342      0.3652230      0.3648263      0.3623970 
#>       hunching    semi-circle         chaise       cabriole        chaises 
#>      0.3621855      0.3605409      0.3602326      0.3600797      0.3571732 
#>          plops   kitchenettes        sleekly        settees      armchairs 
#>      0.3570083      0.3543388      0.3533520      0.3530020      0.3521166 
#>      verandahs        longues       anteroom      parquetry  reupholstered 
#>      0.3515619      0.3515305      0.3512446      0.3503180      0.3501828 
#>      cubbyhole      staffroom       waterbed     sideboards         doored 
#>      0.3500203      0.3495697      0.3494830      0.3482853      0.3477275 
#>      washstand        regally 
#>      0.3474672      0.3473579 
#> 
#> $well_adjusted
#>        cheery         aglow     workmates      sunshiny        giggly 
#>     0.3801433     0.3762835     0.3742287     0.3667182     0.3647983 
#>     flickered      sunbeams complimenting       babysit      livelier 
#>     0.3550112     0.3531647     0.3521553     0.3520434     0.3472921 
#>       beaming  cheerfulness   schoolmates        jovial      vivacity 
#>     0.3471171     0.3470663     0.3462756     0.3446221     0.3444394 
#>     soulmates   sweethearts         becks mischievously      flitting 
#>     0.3425953     0.3412506     0.3407253     0.3398005     0.3397464 
#>        perked      shinning     enlivened        gaiety         gleam 
#>     0.3386063     0.3385910     0.3382409     0.3380319     0.3372517 
#>     playmates   fantabulous   crestfallen      freckles         winks 
#>     0.3362337     0.3362083     0.3356015     0.3354109     0.3352553 
#>       enliven       squinty       sunnier      greatful       pitying 
#>     0.3351089     0.3349024     0.3348174     0.3346780     0.3346716 
#>         mousy    blossoming    frolicking    nightlight      to-night 
#>     0.3344969     0.3338377     0.3338082     0.3337505     0.3335339 
#>     next-door       eveyone      cheerily    fun-loving       flighty 
#>     0.3333128     0.3330416     0.3326816     0.3326738     0.3324997 
#>    likeminded      sociable      outshine        glowed   girlfriends 
#>     0.3323638     0.3320942     0.3320304     0.3320234     0.3312609

knitr::kable(meta_multi$summary[, -1], digits = 3)

	n_terms	n_expanded	sim.space	sim.min	sim.q1	sim.median	sim.mean	sim.q3	sim.max
furniture	5	33	glove_crawl, paragram_sl999, paragram_ws353, sensembed, CoNLL17_skipgram	0.138	0.223	0.259	0.259	0.304	0.369
well_adjusted	6	45	glove_crawl, paragram_sl999, paragram_ws353, sensembed, CoNLL17_skipgram	0.141	0.200	0.261	0.249	0.296	0.357

Text Coverage

Suggested terms can help improve the theoretical coverage of these categories in themselves, but another type of coverage is how much of the category is covered by the text it’s scoring. Low coverage of this sort isn’t inherently an issue, but it puts more pressure on the covered terms to be unambiguous. For instance, compare the score versus coverage in these texts:

texts <- c(
  furniture = "There is a chair positioned in the intersection of a desk and table.",
  still_furniture = "I'm selling this chair, since my new chair replaced that chair.",
  business = "The chair took over from the former chair to introduced the new chair.",
  business_mixed = "The chair sat down at their desk to table the discussion."
)
lma_termcat(texts, dict[3], coverage = TRUE)
#>                 furniture coverage_furniture
#> furniture               3                  3
#> still_furniture         3                  1
#> business                3                  1
#> business_mixed          3                  3
#> attr(,"WC")
#> [1] 13 11 13 11
#> attr(,"time")
#>     dtm termcat 
#>       0       0 
#> attr(,"type")
#> [1] "count"

These examples illustrate how this sort of coverage could relate to score validity (i.e., how much the category is actually reflected in the text), but also how it is not a perfect indicator. Generally, a smaller variety of term hits within a category should make us less confident in the category score.